예전의 httpd.conf 의 역할을 apache2.conf 에서 하게 되었다. 기본적인 설정이 들어있으며 다른 모든 설정파일들을 include 하고 있다. *-available 에는 여러 파일 또는 설정 등이 들어있지만 실제로 동작하거나 적용되지는 않는다. *-enabled 에서 소프트 링크를 만들어주면 실제로 동작하거나 적용되는 방식이다. 위의 내용들을 알고 있으면 예전 방식(httpd.conf에서 모두 설정하던 방식)보다 편리하게 관리할 수 있을 것 같다.
Apache 를 설치하게 되면 기본적으로 /var/www 를 루트 디렉터리로 잡고 localhost 로 접속시에 그 안에 있는 index.* 파일을 보여주게 된다. 개인 홈페이지를 운영한다거나 혼자서만 사용하는 개인서버인 경우에는 /var/www 에 파일들을 올려놓고 홈페이지를 운영해도 크게 지장이 없다. 하지만 개인이 여러 홈페이지를 운영하거나 혹은 서버에 가입한 사용자들에게 홈페이지 계정을 나누어 주고 싶다면 사용자 디렉터리를 설정해야 한다.
4. /etc/apache2/mods-enabled/ 로 이동하여 다음의 명령을 실행한 후 Apache 를 재시작한다.
5. 제대로 동작하는지 테스트를 해보자. 사용자 계정의 홈 디렉터리로 이동하여 public_html 디렉터리를 만들고 vi 를 이용하여 index.html 파일을 생성한다.
cd ~
mkdir public_html
cd public_html
vi index.html
6. 확인을 위해 작성하는 파일이니 내용은 간단하게 적고 저장하도록 하자.
7. 웹 브라우저를 이용하여 http://localhost/~계정이름 으로 접근해보자. 작성한 내용이 잘 보인다면 성공적으로 적용된 것이다.
8. 기본적인 설정들을 살펴보자.
/etc/apache2/apache2.conf
#
# Based upon the NCSA server configuration files originally by Rob McCool.
#
# This is the main Apache server configuration file. It contains the
# configuration directives that give the server its instructions.
# See http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/ for detailed information about
# the directives.
#
# Do NOT simply read the instructions in here without understanding
# what they do. They're here only as hints or reminders. If you are unsure
# consult the online docs. You have been warned.
#
# The configuration directives are grouped into three basic sections:
# 1. Directives that control the operation of the Apache server process as a
# whole (the 'global environment').
# 2. Directives that define the parameters of the 'main' or 'default' server,
# which responds to requests that aren't handled by a virtual host.
# These directives also provide default values for the settings
# of all virtual hosts.
# 3. Settings for virtual hosts, which allow Web requests to be sent to
# different IP addresses or hostnames and have them handled by the
# same Apache server process.
#
# Configuration and logfile names: If the filenames you specify for many
# of the server's control files begin with "/" (or "drive:/" for Win32), the
# server will use that explicit path. If the filenames do *not* begin
# with "/", the value of ServerRoot is prepended -- so "foo.log"
# with ServerRoot set to "/etc/apache2" will be interpreted by the
# server as "/etc/apache2/foo.log".
#
### Section 1: Global Environment
#
# The directives in this section affect the overall operation of Apache,
# such as the number of concurrent requests it can handle or where it
# can find its configuration files.
#
#
# ServerRoot: The top of the directory tree under which the server's
# configuration, error, and log files are kept.
#
# NOTE! If you intend to place this on an NFS (or otherwise network)
# mounted filesystem then please read the LockFile documentation (available
# at <URL:http://httpd.apache.org/docs/2.2/mod/mpm_common.html#lockfile>);
# you will save yourself a lot of trouble.
#
# Do NOT add a slash at the end of the directory path.
#
ServerRoot "/etc/apache2"
ServerName "localhost"
----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 서버 루트 디렉터리 지정 아파치 웹 서버가 설치된 경로를 지정하는 곳이다. 경로 변경이 없다면 그대로 두자.
#으로 시작한다면 #만 제거하도록 하자. 그 아래 서버명을 추가해준다. 서버명(가상 호스팅일 경우 첫 번째 도메인 혹은 IP)을 입력하지 않을 경우 서비스 시작 및 재지작 과정에서 다음과 같은 경고가 출력된다.
apache2: Could not reliably determine the server's fully qualified domain name,
using 127.0.1.1 for ServerName
#
# The accept serialization lock file MUST BE STORED ON A LOCAL DISK.
#
LockFile ${APACHE_LOCK_DIR}/accept.lock
#
# PidFile: The file in which the server should record its process
# identification number when it starts.
# This needs to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars
#
PidFile ${APACHE_PID_FILE}
#
# Timeout: The number of seconds before receives and sends time out.
#
Timeout 300
#
# KeepAlive: Whether or not to allow persistent connections (more than
# one request per connection). Set to "Off" to deactivate.
#
KeepAlive On
#
# MaxKeepAliveRequests: The maximum number of requests to allow
# during a persistent connection. Set to 0 to allow an unlimited amount.
# We recommend you leave this number high, for maximum performance.
#
MaxKeepAliveRequests 100
#
# KeepAliveTimeout: Number of seconds to wait for the next request from the
# same client on the same connection.
#
KeepAliveTimeout 5
# prefork MPM
# StartServers: number of server processes to start
# MinSpareServers: minimum number of server processes which are kept spare
# MaxSpareServers: maximum number of server processes which are kept spare
# MaxClients: maximum number of server processes allowed to start
# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves
<IfModule mpm_prefork_module>
StartServers 5
MinSpareServers 5
MaxSpareServers 10
MaxClients 150
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
</IfModule>
# worker MPM
# StartServers: initial number of server processes to start
# MinSpareThreads: minimum number of worker threads which are kept spare
# MaxSpareThreads: maximum number of worker threads which are kept spare
# ThreadLimit: ThreadsPerChild can be changed to this maximum value during a
# graceful restart. ThreadLimit can only be changed by stopping
# and starting Apache.
# ThreadsPerChild: constant number of worker threads in each server process
# MaxClients: maximum number of simultaneous client connections
# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves
<IfModule mpm_worker_module>
StartServers 2
MinSpareThreads 25
MaxSpareThreads 75
ThreadLimit 64
ThreadsPerChild 25
MaxClients 150
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
</IfModule>
# event MPM
# StartServers: initial number of server processes to start
# MinSpareThreads: minimum number of worker threads which are kept spare
# MaxSpareThreads: maximum number of worker threads which are kept spare
# ThreadsPerChild: constant number of worker threads in each server process
# MaxClients: maximum number of simultaneous client connections
# MaxRequestsPerChild: maximum number of requests a server process serves
<IfModule mpm_event_module>
StartServers 2
MinSpareThreads 25
MaxSpareThreads 75
ThreadLimit 64
ThreadsPerChild 25
MaxClients 150
MaxRequestsPerChild 0
</IfModule>
# These need to be set in /etc/apache2/envvars
User ${APACHE_RUN_USER}
Group ${APACHE_RUN_GROUP}
#
# AccessFileName: The name of the file to look for in each directory
# for additional configuration directives. See also the AllowOverride
# directive.
#
AccessFileName .htaccess
#
# The following lines prevent .htaccess and .htpasswd files from being
# viewed by Web clients.
#
<Files ~ "^\.ht">
Order allow,deny
Deny from all
Satisfy all
</Files>
#
# DefaultType is the default MIME type the server will use for a document
# if it cannot otherwise determine one, such as from filename extensions.
# If your server contains mostly text or HTML documents, "text/plain" is
# a good value. If most of your content is binary, such as applications
# or images, you may want to use "application/octet-stream" instead to
# keep browsers from trying to display binary files as though they are
# text.
#
DefaultType text/plain
#
# HostnameLookups: Log the names of clients or just their IP addresses
# e.g., www.apache.org (on) or 204.62.129.132 (off).
# The default is off because it'd be overall better for the net if people
# had to knowingly turn this feature on, since enabling it means that
# each client request will result in AT LEAST one lookup request to the
# nameserver.
#
HostnameLookups Off
# ErrorLog: The location of the error log file.
# If you do not specify an ErrorLog directive within a <VirtualHost>
# container, error messages relating to that virtual host will be
# logged here. If you *do* define an error logfile for a <VirtualHost>
# container, that host's errors will be logged there and not here.
#
ErrorLog ${APACHE_LOG_DIR}/error.log
#
# LogLevel: Control the number of messages logged to the error_log.
# Possible values include: debug, info, notice, warn, error, crit,
# alert, emerg.
#
LogLevel warn
# Include module configuration:
Include mods-enabled/*.load
Include mods-enabled/*.conf
# Include all the user configurations:
Include httpd.conf
# Include ports listing
Include ports.conf
#
# The following directives define some format nicknames for use with
# a CustomLog directive (see below).
# If you are behind a reverse proxy, you might want to change %h into %{X-Forwarded-For}i
#
LogFormat "%v:%p %h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" vhost_combined
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O \"%{Referer}i\" \"%{User-Agent}i\"" combined
LogFormat "%h %l %u %t \"%r\" %>s %O" common
LogFormat "%{Referer}i -> %U" referer
LogFormat "%{User-agent}i" agent
# Include of directories ignores editors' and dpkg's backup files,
# see README.Debian for details.
# Include generic snippets of statements
Include conf.d/
# Include the virtual host configurations:
Include sites-enabled/
파일은 큰데 별 내용은 없다. 마지막 부분에 여러 파일들을 Include 하는 부분을 눈여겨 보도록 하자.
9. 포트 설정 파일을 살펴보자.
/etc/apache2/ports.conf
# If you just change the port or add more ports here, you will likely also
# have to change the VirtualHost statement in
# /etc/apache2/sites-enabled/000-default
# This is also true if you have upgraded from before 2.2.9-3 (i.e. from
# Debian etch). See /usr/share/doc/apache2.2-common/NEWS.Debian.gz and
# README.Debian.gz
NameVirtualHost *:80
Listen 80
<IfModule mod_ssl.c>
# If you add NameVirtualHost *:443 here, you will also have to change
# the VirtualHost statement in /etc/apache2/sites-available/default-ssl
# to <VirtualHost *:443>
# Server Name Indication for SSL named virtual hosts is currently not
# supported by MSIE on Windows XP.
Listen 443
</IfModule>
<IfModule mod_gnutls.c>
Listen 443
</IfModule>
포트 지정은 클라이언트와 서버간의 연결 통로를 만들어 주는 것으로 정수값으로 표현한다. 웹 서버는 기본적으로 80포트를 사용하지만 변경해서 사용하는 것도 가능하다.
10. 기본 사이트 설정 파일을 살펴보자.
/etc/apache2/sites-available/default
<VirtualHost *:80>
ServerAdmin webmaster@localhost
# 서버 관리자 전자우편 주소로 웹 서버 운영시 문제가 발생할 경우
# 지정된 전자 우편으로 메일이 발송된다.
# 하지만 메일서버가 구축되어 있지 않다면, 이 항목은 무시된다.
ServerName "localhost"
ServerAlias "localhost"
DocumentRoot /var/www
# 홈 디렉터리 설정
# 클라이언트에서 http://localhost/(또는 http://host.domain.com/)으로
# 접속했을 때 보여지는 페이지(또는 폴더)를 말한다.
# 필요하다면 다른 디렉터리를 지정한다.
# 아파치 웹 서버가 하나의 웹 호스팅을 구성한다면
# 이 곳에 웹 문서들을 저장하면 되지만 여러 개의 운영이 필요하거나
# 여러 명이 각각 운영하게 되는 경우에는 사용자 디렉터리와
# 가상 호스팅을 사용한다.
<Directory />
Options FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
</Directory>
<Directory /var/www/>
Options Indexes FollowSymLinks MultiViews
AllowOverride None
Order allow,deny
allow from all
</Directory>
ScriptAlias /cgi-bin/ /usr/lib/cgi-bin/
<Directory "/usr/lib/cgi-bin">
AllowOverride None
Options +ExecCGI -MultiViews +SymLinksIfOwnerMatch
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Directory>
Alias /doc/ "/usr/share/doc/"
<Directory "/usr/share/doc/">
Options Indexes MultiViews FollowSymLinks
AllowOverride None
Order deny,allow
Deny from all
Allow from 127.0.0.0/255.0.0.0 ::1/128
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
11. 인코딩을 설정하는 파일을 살펴보자.
/etc/apache2/conf.d/charset
# Read the documentation before enabling AddDefaultCharset.
# In general, it is only a good idea if you know that all your files
# have this encoding. It will override any encoding given in the files
# in meta http-equiv or xml encoding tags.
AddDefaultCharset UTF-8
# 기본 언어의 문자를 지정하는 항목으로 환경에 따라 다른 값을 적어줄 수도 있다.
# AddDefaultCharset EUC_KR
# 디렉터리 인덱스 지정
# 클라이언트가 브라우저 주소창에 파일명을 제외한 URL을 입력했을 때,
# 웹 서버가 클라이언트에 보여질 문서를 지정하는 항목이다.
# 이 항목은 여러 개의 값을 가질 수 있으며, 첫 번째 지정문서가 없으면,
# 두 번째 지정문서를 보여주게 된다.
<Directory /home/*/public_html>
AllowOverride FileInfo AuthConfig Limit Indexes
Options MultiViews Indexes SymLinksIfOwnerMatch IncludesNoExec
<Limit GET POST OPTIONS>
Order allow,deny
Allow from all
</Limit>
<LimitExcept GET POST OPTIONS>
Order deny,allow
Deny from all
</LimitExcept>
</Directory>
</IfModule>
사용자 디렉터리 설정
<IfModule mod_autoindex.c>
#
# Directives controlling the display of server-generated directory listings.
#
#
# IndexOptions: Controls the appearance of server-generated directory
# listings.
# Remove/replace the "Charset=UTF-8" if you don't use UTF-8 for your filenames.
#
IndexOptions FancyIndexing VersionSort HTMLTable NameWidth=* DescriptionWidth=* Charset=UTF-8
#
# AddIcon* directives tell the server which icon to show for different
# files or filename extensions. These are only displayed for
# FancyIndexed directories.
#
AddIconByEncoding (CMP,/icons/compressed.gif) x-compress x-gzip x-bzip2
#
# DefaultIcon is which icon to show for files which do not have an icon
# explicitly set.
#
DefaultIcon /icons/unknown.gif
#
# AddDescription allows you to place a short description after a file in
# server-generated indexes. These are only displayed for FancyIndexed
# directories.
# Format: AddDescription "description" filename
#
#AddDescription "GZIP compressed document" .gz
#AddDescription "tar archive" .tar
#AddDescription "GZIP compressed tar archive" .tgz
#
# ReadmeName is the name of the README file the server will look for by
# default, and append to directory listings.
#
# HeaderName is the name of a file which should be prepended to
# directory indexes.
ReadmeName README.html
HeaderName HEADER.html
#
# IndexIgnore is a set of filenames which directory indexing should ignore
# and not include in the listing. Shell-style wildcarding is permitted.
#
IndexIgnore .??* *~ *# RCS CVS *,v *,t
</IfModule>
언어셋 관련 설정
<IfModule mod_mime.c>
#
# TypesConfig points to the file containing the list of mappings from
# filename extension to MIME-type.
#
TypesConfig /etc/mime.types
#
# AddType allows you to add to or override the MIME configuration
# file mime.types for specific file types.
#
#AddType application/x-gzip .tgz
#
# AddEncoding allows you to have certain browsers uncompress
# information on the fly. Note: Not all browsers support this.
# Despite the name similarity, the following Add* directives have
# nothing to do with the FancyIndexing customization directives above.
#
#AddEncoding x-compress .Z
#AddEncoding x-gzip .gz .tgz
#AddEncoding x-bzip2 .bz2
#
# If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you
# probably should define those extensions to indicate media types:
#
AddType application/x-compress .Z
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
AddType application/x-bzip2 .bz2
#
# DefaultLanguage and AddLanguage allows you to specify the language of
# a document. You can then use content negotiation to give a browser a
# file in a language the user can understand.
#
# Specify a default language. This means that all data
# going out without a specific language tag (see below) will
# be marked with this one. You probably do NOT want to set
# this unless you are sure it is correct for all cases.
#
# * It is generally better to not mark a page as
# * being a certain language than marking it with the wrong
# * language!
#
# DefaultLanguage nl
#
# Note 1: The suffix does not have to be the same as the language
# keyword --- those with documents in Polish (whose net-standard
# language code is pl) may wish to use "AddLanguage pl .po" to
# avoid the ambiguity with the common suffix for perl scripts.
#
# Note 2: The example entries below illustrate that in some cases
# the two character 'Language' abbreviation is not identical to
# the two character 'Country' code for its country,
# E.g. 'Danmark/dk' versus 'Danish/da'.
#
# Note 3: In the case of 'ltz' we violate the RFC by using a three char
# specifier. There is 'work in progress' to fix this and get
# the reference data for rfc1766 cleaned up.
#
# Catalan (ca) - Croatian (hr) - Czech (cs) - Danish (da) - Dutch (nl)
# English (en) - Esperanto (eo) - Estonian (et) - French (fr) - German (de)
# Greek-Modern (el) - Hebrew (he) - Italian (it) - Japanese (ja)
# Korean (ko) - Luxembourgeois* (ltz) - Norwegian Nynorsk (nn)
# Norwegian (no) - Polish (pl) - Portugese (pt)
# Brazilian Portuguese (pt-BR) - Russian (ru) - Swedish (sv)
# Simplified Chinese (zh-CN) - Spanish (es) - Traditional Chinese (zh-TW)
#
AddLanguage am .amh
AddLanguage ar .ara
AddLanguage be .be
AddLanguage bg .bg
AddLanguage bn .bn
AddLanguage br .br
AddLanguage bs .bs
AddLanguage ca .ca
AddLanguage cs .cz .cs
AddLanguage cy .cy
AddLanguage da .dk
AddLanguage de .de
AddLanguage dz .dz
AddLanguage el .el
AddLanguage en .en
AddLanguage eo .eo
# es is ecmascript in /etc/mime.types
RemoveType es
AddLanguage es .es
AddLanguage et .et
AddLanguage eu .eu
AddLanguage fa .fa
AddLanguage fi .fi
AddLanguage fr .fr
AddLanguage ga .ga
AddLanguage gl .glg
AddLanguage gu .gu
AddLanguage he .he
AddLanguage hi .hi
AddLanguage hr .hr
AddLanguage hu .hu
AddLanguage hy .hy
AddLanguage id .id
AddLanguage is .is
AddLanguage it .it
AddLanguage ja .ja
AddLanguage ka .ka
AddLanguage kk .kk
AddLanguage km .km
AddLanguage kn .kn
AddLanguage ko .ko
AddLanguage ku .ku
AddLanguage lo .lo
AddLanguage lt .lt
AddLanguage ltz .ltz
AddLanguage lv .lv
AddLanguage mg .mg
AddLanguage mk .mk
AddLanguage ml .ml
AddLanguage mr .mr
AddLanguage ms .msa
AddLanguage nb .nob
AddLanguage ne .ne
AddLanguage nl .nl
AddLanguage nn .nn
AddLanguage no .no
AddLanguage pa .pa
AddLanguage pl .po
AddLanguage pt-BR .pt-br
AddLanguage pt .pt
AddLanguage ro .ro
AddLanguage ru .ru
AddLanguage sa .sa
AddLanguage se .se
AddLanguage si .si
AddLanguage sk .sk
AddLanguage sl .sl
AddLanguage sq .sq
AddLanguage sr .sr
AddLanguage sv .sv
AddLanguage ta .ta
AddLanguage te .te
AddLanguage th .th
AddLanguage tl .tl
RemoveType tr
# tr is troff in /etc/mime.types
AddLanguage tr .tr
AddLanguage uk .uk
AddLanguage ur .ur
AddLanguage vi .vi
AddLanguage wo .wo
AddLanguage xh .xh
AddLanguage zh-CN .zh-cn
AddLanguage zh-TW .zh-tw
#
# Commonly used filename extensions to character sets. You probably
# want to avoid clashes with the language extensions, unless you
# are good at carefully testing your setup after each change.
# See http://www.iana.org/assignments/character-sets for the
# official list of charset names and their respective RFCs.
#
AddCharset us-ascii .ascii .us-ascii
AddCharset ISO-8859-1 .iso8859-1 .latin1
AddCharset ISO-8859-2 .iso8859-2 .latin2 .cen
AddCharset ISO-8859-3 .iso8859-3 .latin3
AddCharset ISO-8859-4 .iso8859-4 .latin4
AddCharset ISO-8859-5 .iso8859-5 .cyr .iso-ru
AddCharset ISO-8859-6 .iso8859-6 .arb .arabic
AddCharset ISO-8859-7 .iso8859-7 .grk .greek
AddCharset ISO-8859-8 .iso8859-8 .heb .hebrew
AddCharset ISO-8859-9 .iso8859-9 .latin5 .trk
AddCharset ISO-8859-10 .iso8859-10 .latin6
AddCharset ISO-8859-13 .iso8859-13
AddCharset ISO-8859-14 .iso8859-14 .latin8
AddCharset ISO-8859-15 .iso8859-15 .latin9
AddCharset ISO-8859-16 .iso8859-16 .latin10
AddCharset ISO-2022-JP .iso2022-jp .jis
AddCharset ISO-2022-KR .iso2022-kr .kis
AddCharset ISO-2022-CN .iso2022-cn .cis
AddCharset Big5 .Big5 .big5 .b5
AddCharset cn-Big5 .cn-big5
# For russian, more than one charset is used (depends on client, mostly):
AddCharset WINDOWS-1251 .cp-1251 .win-1251
AddCharset CP866 .cp866
AddCharset KOI8 .koi8
AddCharset KOI8-E .koi8-e
AddCharset KOI8-r .koi8-r .koi8-ru
AddCharset KOI8-U .koi8-u
AddCharset KOI8-ru .koi8-uk .ua
AddCharset ISO-10646-UCS-2 .ucs2
AddCharset ISO-10646-UCS-4 .ucs4
AddCharset UTF-7 .utf7
AddCharset UTF-8 .utf8
AddCharset UTF-16 .utf16
AddCharset UTF-16BE .utf16be
AddCharset UTF-16LE .utf16le
AddCharset UTF-32 .utf32
AddCharset UTF-32BE .utf32be
AddCharset UTF-32LE .utf32le
AddCharset euc-cn .euc-cn
AddCharset euc-gb .euc-gb
AddCharset euc-jp .euc-jp
AddCharset euc-kr .euc-kr
#Not sure how euc-tw got in - IANA doesn't list it???
AddCharset EUC-TW .euc-tw
AddCharset gb2312 .gb2312 .gb
AddCharset iso-10646-ucs-2 .ucs-2 .iso-10646-ucs-2
AddCharset iso-10646-ucs-4 .ucs-4 .iso-10646-ucs-4
AddCharset shift_jis .shift_jis .sjis
#
# AddHandler allows you to map certain file extensions to "handlers":
# actions unrelated to filetype. These can be either built into the server
# or added with the Action directive (see below)
#
# To use CGI scripts outside of ScriptAliased directories:
# (You will also need to add "ExecCGI" to the "Options" directive.)
#
#AddHandler cgi-script .cgi
#
# For files that include their own HTTP headers:
#
#AddHandler send-as-is asis
#
# For server-parsed imagemap files:
#
#AddHandler imap-file map
#
# For type maps (negotiated resources):
# (This is enabled by default to allow the Apache "It Worked" page
# to be distributed in multiple languages.)
#
AddHandler type-map var
#
# Filters allow you to process content before it is sent to the client.
#
# To parse .shtml files for server-side includes (SSI):
# (You will also need to add "Includes" to the "Options" directive.)
#
AddType text/html .shtml
AddOutputFilter INCLUDES .shtml
</IfModule>
파일타입 설정
13. 주요 설정 파일들은 이 정도이고, 개인적으로 궁금한 부분은 하나씩 찾아보기 바란다.
설정을 변경한 뒤에는 아래의 명령으로 Apache 서버를 다시 시작해야 한다.
